r ' ■« K > .L ^ 

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BRIEF COURSE 


IN 


Benn Pitman Phonography 


FOURTH EDITION 

BY 


A. S. LONGACRE 





Class Z, 5L 

Rnnlc ~?izl±Lc> 

l c j 3 . *7 

Copyright N°_ 


COPYRIGHT LEPOSir. 







BRIEF COURSE 

IN 

Benn Pitman Phonography 

(Fourth Edition) 


BY 

A'.' S. LONGACRE 

Instructor in Commercial Subjects West Philadelphia (Pa.) High School for 
Boys and for seven years Head of Commercial Department 
West Philadelphia Evening High School 
for Men and Women 
Previously 

Instructor and Head of Shorthand Department 
The Palmer Business School 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


PU BUSHED BY 

COMMERCIAL TEXT BOOK CO. 
16 South ioth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 


COPYRIGHT, 1924 


CjBs rv > 









When the author assumed his duties as Head of the Commer¬ 
cial Department of the West Philadelphia Evening High School 
he was amazed to find how many of those who began the study of 
phonography “dropped out” of the classes during the first year 
and how few came back for the second year. Inquiry showed this 
to be a general condition in the evening high schools, and he 
began to search for a solution. On asking those who had dis¬ 
continued the study, so many said, “I found out' that it would be 
two years before we would complete the text and be able to make 
practical use of our knowledge, so I gave it up.” As a result 
‘ 1 A Brief Course in Benn Pitman Phonography ’ ’ appeared in 
1918. The first three editions having been exhausted, this, the 
fourth edition, has been printed. 

The aim of the book is to place in the hands of the evening 
student a text which will enable him to complete the theory of 
the subject and be able to make practical use of his knowledge 
by the end of the first year, thus encouraging him to continue 
his studies. The biggest surprise came in the increased enroll¬ 
ment for the second year work, for which another text was used. 
This provided a new vocabulary, and, with his previous knowl¬ 
edge of the system, he completed the second text during the second 
year, taking miscellaneous dictation throughout the year. 

After seeing the results in the evening school, the book was 
asked for in the day school and was placed on the list of approved 
texts for the Philadelphia Public High Schools. The book is 
used for the first term’s work, following by “The Phonographic 
Amanuensis” or a similar text. 

Particular attention is called to the arrangement of the 
lessons—the presentation of the halving and doubling principles 
immediately after vowels and diphthongs, thus very thoroughly 
impressing on the student the importance of accurate outlines 
in the very early lessons, and the clearness of the wording in the 
rules. This book is not a variation of Benn Pitman Phonography, 
but a rearrangement of the lessons for the purpose stated. 


July 25, 1924. 


A. S. L. 



2 







CONTENTS 


PAGE 


r 

4 


«o 

U1 

lu 


Lesson I, Consonants . 4 

Lesson II, Vowels, Long or Heavy. 8 

Lesson III, Vowels, Short or Light. 11 

Lesson IV, Diphthongs, Consecutive Vowels. 13 

Lesson V, Dot and Tick Logograms, Sentences. 15 

Lesson VI, Single-Stroke Logograms, Sentences. 17 

Lesson VII, Halving Principle, Logograms. 19 

Lesson VIII, Doubling Principle, Sentences. 22 

Lesson IX, Eules for Writing E. 25 

Lesson X, Eules for Writing L. 27 

Lesson XI, Eules for Writing SH, Sentences. 29 

Lesson XII, Compound Words . 31 

Lesson XIII, Dots for ING, CON, COM, COG. 32 

Lesson XIV, Ticks for THE, A, AN, AND. 33 

Lesson XV, Phrasing . 34 

Lesson XVI, Eules for Writing H, Tick and Dot. 35 

Lesson XVII, Brief W and Brief Y, Coalescents, Sentences. 36 

Lesson XVIII, Two-Stroke Logograms, Sentences. 40 

Lesson XIX, Circles for S, Z, SES, SEZ, ZES, ZEZ, Busi¬ 
ness Letters . 42 

Lesson XX, Loops for ST and STE, Letters. 47 

Lesson XXI, Final Hooks—N, Letters. 50 

Lesson XXII, Final Hooks—F or V. .... 54 

Lesson XXIII, Final Hooks—Shun, Letters. 55 

Lesson XXIV, Initial Hooks—L, Letters . . 57 

Lesson XXV, Initial Hooks—E, Letters. 59 

Lesson XXVI, Large W Hook, Prefixes IN, EN, UN. 62 

Lesson XXVII, Affixes,. 63 


3 




























LESSON I 


Phonography is a system of writing by sound, and letters that 
are silent (not sounded) are, therefore, not written in phonography. 

For convenience the phonographic alphabet is divided into 
consonants and vowels. Again, for convenience of study the conso¬ 
nants are presented in two lists —straight strokes and curved strokes. 

Straight Strokes 

_\.\ ! I / / 

Called P B T D CRay J K Gay R ay H ay 

As in cap cab hat had itch joy kink big rap hub 

1. The first six of these strokes are written downward; K and 
Gay, forward; Ray and Hay, upward. Chay and J slant thirty de¬ 
degrees from the vertical; Ray and Hay, sixty degrees. The correct 
length of a stroke is about three-sixteenths of an inch. 

2. Joined Strokes. When joining two or more strokes, the 
pen or pencil is not lifted between the strokes. Write the whole 
outline before raising the pen. 

3. Double-Ruled Paper. Where double-ruled paper is used 
(and this is recommended for beginners) the strokes are written as 
shown below. 

\ \ ' I 

It is suggested that the strokes given above be written over and 
over until thoroughly memorized. To write a stroke thirty to fifty 
times is not too much. 

Make the light strokes very light and the shaded strokes just 
heavy enough to make a distinction. 

It will be observed from the above that in each case the light 
stroke represents a light sound and the heavy stroke a heavy sound. 
The same thing is true of the curved strokes. It becomes as second 
nature for the stenographer to follow the speaker and to ivrite as 
he hears—the hand and the ear working in harmony. 




4 






EXERCISE I 


Read and copy this exercise until you can read and write each 
combination without hesitation. To write each combination from 
ten to fifteen times is not too much, and for some it may be wise 
to practice them still more. 


;izl: z_.z_ tit-z\\zz:iz 



4. From the preceding exercise it will be observed that: (a) The 
first upright or slanting stroke in the outline rests on the base line; 
(6) when the first stroke is a horizontal stroke followed by a down¬ 
ward stroke, it is the downward stroke that rests on the base line. 

5. Writing by Sound. In phonography we write only what we 
hear. 

a. Silent letters are not written. 

b. When G sounds S, write S; when like K, write K. 

c. When G sounds J, as in gem, write J ; but in gum we write 

Gay. 

d. N before a K sounds NG, as in bunk. 


Racy, came, gem, 

, 7 )__ _ /. 


gum, bunk, cape, debt, namely, poke 



EXERCISE II 

Write the consonant outlines for the following words: 

1. Puck, peg, take, choke, jug, bug, beck, beg, deck. 

2. Pup, paid, babe, boat, debt, toad, judge, cake, keg. 

3. Cape, cub, code, cage, gage, goat, coach, cadet, cud. 

4. Poach, page, budge, poet, poetic, puppet, deputy, decayed, 
judged, babyish. 


5 













Curved Strokes 


_A_ V. _L. 

Called F V TH 

As in foe eve bath 


_L_.L. I .. J - . J 

THe S Z SH ZH 
bathe say zinc ship usual 




r. 


Called AR W ay Lay Y ay M MP, MB N NG 

ample 

As in bar away lame oyer may amble know ink 


6. Lay is the only stroke in this group that is written upward. 
The student w r ill note that we have two strokes for R. Usually 
when R begins a word, we use Ray; and when R ends a word, we use 
AR. There are a few exceptions to this rule that will be explained 
later. 


EXERCISE III 

Read and copy as you did with Exercise I. 




6 













EXERCISE IV 


Write the consonant outlines for the following words: 

1. Fake, vague, thump, thumb, they, sienna, zany, shame, awake, 
lake, muck, mug, name, numb, many, among, monkey, gum, funny. 

2. Cafe, covey, goeth, muff, muddy, month, mush, knave, enough, 
nudge, empty, mussy, mope, gush. 

3. Fetch, fudge, vetch, thud, Estey, shade, shape, await, oyer, 
fade, fussy, fuzzy, fair. 

4. Laid, lope, lame, lump, lug, ledge, lobe, luck, coal, gale, mail, 
pail, bale, tale, dull, jail, assail, lung, rung, honey, hung. 

5. Puffy, bevy, pony, bony, punk, bunk, both, bathe, death, daisy, 
pair, bare, bum, bump, dump, dumb, chum, jump, Jennie, junk. 

6. Tumble, jumble, mental, comely, gamely, namely, pulp, bulb, 
gulf, vacate, Wyoming, melody, fussily, cozily, cozier, lazily, lazier, 
luggage, heavily, heavier, readily, Tennessee. 


7 


LESSON II 


Long or Heavy Vowels 

In phonography vowels are represented by dots or dashes writ¬ 
ten beside the strokes. 


_i-J—t—!—'•.~t—.- 

e a a a o do 

As in We gave alms, all cold food. 

These are known as the long vowels because the sounds are 
long, and as the heavy vowels because the dots and dashes are heavy. 
A dash vowel should be not more than one-fourth the length of a 
stroke. 

7. a. A vowel written at the beginning of a stroke is called a 
first-place voicel. 

6. A vowel written at the middle of a stroke is called a 
second-place vowel. 

c. A vowel w r ritten at the end of a stroke is called a third- 
place vowel. 



Lea lay lieu pshaw show shoe me may ma 



eat ate ache awl oath ooze eel coo no gnu 


8. a. A word containing a first-place vowel is written in first 
position—above the base line. 

6. A word containing a second-place vowel is written in 
second position—on the base line. 

c. A word containing a third-place vowel is written in third 
position—through or below the base line. 

9. a. A horizontal stroke in first position should be the height 
of a stroke T above the base line—on the upper line of double-ruled 
paper. An upright or slanting stroke should be half the length of a 
stroke T above the base line—half way through the upper line. 

&. A stroke in second position should rest on the base line, 
excepting N and NG , which are written below but touching the 
base line. 

c. A horizontal stroke in third position is written half the 
length of a stroke T below the base line; an upright or slanting 
stroke, half way through the line. 


8 









10. a. When the vowel sounds after the consonant, the dot or 
dash is written after the stroke—to the right of an upright or slant¬ 
ing stroke and below a horizontal stroke. 

&. When the vowel sounds before the consonant, the dot or 
dash is written before the stroke—to the left of an upright or 
slanting stroke and above a horizontal stroke. 


EXERCISE V 

Read and copy until you know every word. 


ZXXXiTrz: EElIZCTiZZ: 


/ Z/'' 



11. Dash vowels are written at right angles to strokes. 

12. a. A first-place vowel is Avritten at the beginning of a stroke; 
6. A second-place vowel, at the middle; and 

c. A third-place vowel, at the end. 

d. Ray, hay, and lay are written from the line upward. 


EXERCISE VI 

V 

nWrite in phonography, inserting all vowels. 

1. Pea, bee, tea, eat, each, key, eke, fee, eve, thee, see, sea, 
ease, me, knee, lea, eel, paw, daw, jaw, caw, off, thaw, saAV, pshaw, 
law, awl, maAV, gnaw. 

2. Pay, ape, bay, Abe, day, aid, aide, jay, age, ache, gay. Fay, 
they, say, ace, shay, lay, ale, ail, may, aim, nay, neigh, Poe, boAV, 
beau, tow, toe, doe, dough, ode, Joe, oak, go, foe, so, soav, sew, owes, 
show, low, lo, woe, mow, ohm, no, know. 

3. Pa, ma, pooh, chew, JeAV, coo, shoe, shoo, Lou, lieu. 

13. In outlines of tAvo or more strokes, read the first stroke Avith 
its vowel or vowels, then the second stroke with its voAvel or vowels, 
and so on. 


9 










. 

ZL 

-Zk 

W 

u 

p-e-k 

peak 

ch-e-k 

cheek 

k-a-p 

cape 

n-a-m b-a-m 

name balm 

d-oo-m 

doom 

Read and 

copy. 

EXERCISE VII 





14. Vowels Between Strokes. From the above we see that: 

a. A first-place vowel between two strokes is written after the 
first stroke at the beginning; 

b. A second-place heavy vowelj after the first stroke at the mid¬ 
dle; and 

c. A third-place vowel , before the second stroke at the end. 

15. The first upright or slanting stroke in an outline takes the 
position of the vowel. See above. 


EXERCISE VIII 

Write in phonography, inserting all vowels. 

1. Peak, peek, peal, peel, peep, beak, beam, beat, beet, beech, 
beach, team, teach, deem, deal, deep, cheek, cheap, reap, keel, keep, 
feed, thief, sheik, leak, leap, heap, leaf, leave, leach, meek, meal, 
Paul, ball, balk, talk, daub, chalk, calk, gall, Gaul, gawk, laud, 
thawed, maul, tall. 

2. Pail, paid, bait, bake, bale, take, tale, tame, dame, dale, jail, 
kale, cake, came, gale, game, fade, fame, fake, vague, shame, shake, 
lake, lame, laid, maim, make, male, name, poke, pole, poach, pope, 
boat, bowl, toad, dote, toll, dome, dole, choke, joke, coke, coal, code, 
coach, comb, goat, goal, foam, folk, vogue, load, lope, lobe, loaf, loam, 
loath, loathe, mole. 

3. Palm, balm, par, bar, tar, far, char, jar, calm, pool, tool, 
cool, boom, tomb, doom, coop, food, loop. 


10 
















LESSON III 


Short or Light Vowels 


.!;.L. |'. 1 .1:.| r .. 

V e a o u oo 

ds in It fell flat on pup’s foot. 


These are called the short vowels because the sounds are short, 
and light vowels because the dots and dashes are light. 

16. To make a light dot touch the paper very lightly with pen 
or pencil. For a heavy dot spread the pen point the least bit or 
give the pencil a slight twist. Do not make a small circle and fill 
in, or wiggle the point. 

17. Each character in phonography should be written with but 
a single stroke of pen or pencil. Do not retrace for a heavy char¬ 
acter. 


V 


if 



itch etch at fig log lock luck look 


EXERCISE IX 

Read and copy. 



18. Vowels Between Strokes. (Study above exercise.) 

a. A first-place voivel is written after the first stroke at the 
beginning ; 

b. A second-place light vowel (e or u) is written before the 
second stroke at the middle; and 

c. A third-place vowel , is written before the second stroke at 
the end. (Compare with par. 14.) 


11 


















EXERCISE X 

Write in phonography, inserting all vowels. 

1. Itch, if, ill, in, ink, imp, pill, bill, tip, dip, chill, chip, chick, 
jig gig, kick, kill, kid, fig, vim, thick, zinc, lip, nick, nip, odd, pod, 
pop, botch, top, dot, dog, bomb, chock, chop, job, jot, jog, cod, cock, 
cop, cob, cog, gong, hod, rod, rob, fog, fop, fob, shock, lock, log, lop, 
mop, knob, notch, rock. 

2. Ebb, etch, egg, ell, peck, peg, beck, beg, debt, check, gem, keg, 
head, red, wreck, wretch, fed, fetch, vetch, leg, neck, bet, up, puck, 
pug, bug, buck, pup, tub, tuck, tug, touch, duck, dug, dub, dull, dumb, 
dump, chum, chump, chuck, jut, jug, judge, jump, cud, cup, cub, cull, 
gull, hub, rub, rug, fudge, thud, thumb, thump, shuck, luck, lug, mug, 
mum, numb, nudge. 

3. At, add, ash, pad, patch, batch, back, bag, bang, tank, tap, 
tack, dam, damp, chap, Jack, jam, jamb, cap, cab, cam, camp gag, 
gang, hang, rang, rank, fad, fag, vamp, thatch, shack, lap, lad, latch, 
lack, lag, lamb, lamp, map, match, nap, nab, knack, book, took, pull, 
cook, hood, shook, look, nook, rook. 

19. Positioning of Words with More Than One Vowel. 

a. Words of but one syllable ( monosyllables ) are written in 
position according to their vowels. Par. 8. 

b. Outlines of more than one syllable and not more than two 
strokes are written in position of the accented vowel. See group 2 
below. 

c. Long outlines (those of more than two strokes ) are not writ¬ 
ten in position of the accented vowel, but are placed on the base 
line, unless such word is a monosyllable or a derivative. See group 3 
below. 

d. A derivative (a word to which one or more syllables have 
been added) is written in the position of its primitive or original. 
See group below. 


EXERCISE XI 

Read and copy. 



12 








EXERCISE XII 


Write in phonography. 

1. Bank, hank, honk, pink, rink, kink, hinge, bulb, chunk, gulf. 

2. Effie, Amy, Anna, Annie, essay, puffy, bevy, pity, body, balky, 
boggy, baggy, buggy, copy, gaudy, kitty, choppy, chatty, chalky, pillow, 
billow, below, bellow, filly, folly, fallow, valley, hobby, pithy, mossy, 
muddy, naughty, knobby, lobby, lady, laddie, lassie, lazy, lessee, lava, 
llama, lowly, lily, mellow, mallow, meadow, depot, fussy, easily, 
Emily, coffee, covey, funny, minnow. 

3. Policy, fallacy, family, bumble-bee, tally-ho, Toledo, baggage, 
cabbage, cadet, decade, decayed, zenith, tumble, fumble, shamble. 

4. Locked, looked, lagged, kicked, lazily, haughtily, gamely, hap¬ 
pily, unhappily, unfair, unfairly, dimly. 


LESSON IV 


Diphthongs and Consecutive Vowels 



I oi, oy ow, ou 

As in My boy howls 

time toil bough 


20. There are two first-place diphthongs and one third-place 
diphthong. These signs do not change their directions like dash 
vowels, but always point up or down. 

21. A first-place diphthong occurring between two strokes is 
written after the first stroke at the beginning, and the third-place 
before the second stroke at the end. (Compare par. 14 and 18.) 

22. As there is no other sign to conflict with many 

writers place it before the second stroke at the end, thus saving 
time and gaining speed. See group 2. 

23. A first-place diphthong sign may be joined to the following 
stroke if the diphthong sounds first and the joining is clear; like¬ 
wise, the third-place diphthong sign may be joined to the preceding 
stroke if the diphthong sounds after the stroke and the joining is 
clear. See group J t . 


13 




EXERCISE XIII 


Read and copy. 

. r \ /v v 




\ \, /j cr v 





EXERCISE XIV 

Write in phonography. 

1. Boy, toy, joy, coy, alloy, annoy, boil, toil, coil, Boyle, boiler, 
toiler. 

2. Pie, by, buy, die, dye, guy, my, nigh, vie, thigh, thy, shy, lie, 
lye, ally, pile, bile, tile, chyle, guile, mile, dime, pipi, tide, tied, lime, 
life, bite. 

3. Cow owl, allow, pouch, couch, mouth, cowl, vouch, chow-chow. 

4. Ice, eyes, isle, aisle, I’ll, ire, oil, oily, icy, bow, bough, thou, 
mow, sow. 

24. Consecutive Vowels, a. When two consecutive vowels oc¬ 
cur before a stroke or after a stroke, the one sounding closer to the 
consonant is written next to the stroke and the other farther away. 

b. When two such vowels occur between two strokes, the first • 
is written after the first stroke and the second before the second 
stroke. 


EXERCISE XV 

Read and copy. 



Write in phonography. 

1. Iota, Leo, Leah, payee, idea, boa, Ionic. 

2. Payer, Leon, lion, Zion, pious, piety, boyish, joyous, joyously, 
diet, deity, poem, poet, poetic, loyal, loyally, chaos, chaotic, peony, 
piano, Jewish, Jewess, lower, layer, voyage. 


14 












LESSON V 


Sentence Writing 

Observation teaches us that certain words occur much more 
frequently than others, and for that reason we use logograms, or 
word-signs (shortened forms), for these oft-repeated words. 


25. Dot and Tick Logograms or Word-Signs. 



the a an, and all too, two already before, owe 


./.v 


/ 



ought who of to or but on, he should I, eye how 


All tick signs are written downward except on and should , 
which are written upward. All first-position signs should end on 
the upper line of double ruled paper. 

Theoretically the tick for he should be written downward, yet 
in phrasing it is written upward or downward, and because in 
practice many seasoned writers write it upward, we feel justified 
in presenting it here. 


26. Punctuation in Phonography. 



Period dash question mark exclamation mark hyphen 

(between) 



capitalizer parentheses interruption pleasantry 

(beneath) 


27. In sentence writing, where the thought is connected, it is 
not necessary to show all vowels. Some follow the practice of writ¬ 
ing the first vowel if the word begins with a vowel. The position 
of the outline and the other words in the sentence will suggest the 
right word to you. 


15 











EXERCISE XVII 


Read and copy. 



..V 








XN..J_ 




sr.i\\ 






EXERCISE XVIII 

Write in phonography. 

1. The big boy came to see the show. 2. I should keep calm 
and go on to the goal before me. 3. Before I leap I should look 
ahead. 4. A dull or lazy boy should go to see how they live. 5. I 
ought to look ahead and aim to see all before me. 6. To keep my 
fair name, I ought to pay the money I owe on or before the day I 
say. 7. He and I already know how to go. 8. I should aim to aid 
all in a fair way. 9. They who already know the path should show 
us how to go. 10. They who say all they know should say nothing. 
11. Talk no ill of thy fellow. 12. If I take aid, I should pay back 
all on time. 13. To enjoy life, aim to make thy fellow happy. 14. To 
know the joy of life, aim to share thy joy. 


16 










LESSON VI 


Sentence Writing 

Single Stroke Logograms or Word-Signs 


.up 


common 
- kingdom 


..L 


them 


hope 

party 

come 

—/—US 

company 

be 



to-be 

give 

given 

was 

time 

_together 

-.^ r use ( v ) 

it 

_ago 

..T^.-wish 

at 

out 

are 

J she 
shall 

dollar-s 

if 

"off 

issue 


V_for 

J.— usual-ly 


-do 


had 

advertise- , 
d-ment V 

each 


_half 




ever 


will 

( 


year 


which 


much 


advantage 


large 


\__have 


..^-...however 
_(_think 


your 

_J. away 


him 

am 


v improve-d 
improvement 

s.may-be 


m 

‘ any 


' thing 
long 


r young 


owing 

language 


..now 


thank-ed important 

^thousand *r importance- 






















28. A syllable may be added before or after a word or logo- 
gram by joining the necessary consonant stroke. Such a word is 
called a derivative. See illustrations below. 

-/./ /./. 1 .A 

large larger enlarge largely easy uneasy easier 


EXERCISE XIX 


Read and copy. 


\ 


I / 






*. 2 . 

-^ , 

6 Li. _x |X/.l^X-i 

-.i -L*- 8 .. ^ ^/\* 9 . 

/i'LiQ\'/) ( X—_ 

l 1 — 

*13 


/ 


12 


AJjL«w 

■I.\» ii 

\ 


\ 


c x - ^ 


,r \ i 


i-* 


14 ( 


yf 


1 / \ X-, 


EXERCISE XX 

Write in phonography. 

1. If I am ready before the time, I may take advantage of it. 
2. If the advertisement in the daily be large enough, it will catch 
the eye. 3. I should know how to take a joke gamely. 4. Many 
take time which should be given to toil and are unhappy. 5. The 
judge should know the law and deal calmly. 6. I hope in time to 
do much for them who lack aid. 7. If I wish to be happy, I should 
make it an important aim to make my fellow happy. 8. I may now 
have a thing for my own use which in a year or two may have to be 
given up for the use of all in common. 9. It may be a year or two 
before I shall use it, but I think I will take half of it. 


18 















LESSON VII 


Halved Strokes 


29. A light stroke is halved to add the final sound of t, and a 
heavy stroke for the final sound of d; as, 


L 

fee 


C 

feet 


c 

lie 


/T 

light 


night 


edge 


./ 

edged 


\ 

'"S3 

bid 


30. If a d sound follows a light stroke, the stroke d is written. 
If the sound of t follows a heavy stroke, the stroke t is used; as. 



■' r 

. ^ 

- V 7 

.... 71 .. 1 

fade 

laid chewed 

beat 

vote jut 

gate debt 


31. The strokes 1, m, n, ar, regularly add the sound of t when 
halved. They are also halved and shaded to add the sound of d; as. 


late 


y 

old 


"T- 


mate made net 


end 


art 


aired 


32. The l when halved and shaded is written downward. All 
shaded strokes are written downward. 

33. The strokes yay, my, mb, ng, way, are never halved. The 
ray is halved only when joined to another stroke. 

34. When a vowel follows a t or d at the end of a word, the 
stroke t or d must be used; as, 


L 7- .. 

r .> 

1. 


r 1 

\ 3i 


fat 


fatty knot knotty pity 


body kit kitty 


35. To halve a joined stroke, it must make an angle with the 
stroke to which it is joined, unless such halved stroke is final, curved 
and heavy; as, 

.7.V.. Z .^_ 

cottage baked merit shield named indicate 

36. Long Outlines. An outline of two or more strokes, one of 
which is halved, is considered a long outline, and need not be written 
in the position of the accented vowel, but is written on the base line, 
unless it is a derivative. Monosyllables are written in the position 
of the vowel. 


19 









EXERCISE XXI 


Read and copy. 


. \ \ r I V / r r C n ') \- \- / z 

1 .-.-. VT:r:) - 


2_ 


\ 1 

1 1 

r. 

/ 

/ _ 

"1 

n 

n 




f i 



37. A halved stroke in third position is written entirely below 
the line. See groups 1 and 8 above. 


EXERCISE XXII 


Write in phonography. 

1. Pit, cot, Kate, ached, fate, fit, fight, fought, thought, shot, 
shut, shoot, lit, light, lot, let, late, meat, meet, moat, knit, net, gnat, 
not, knot, egged, bid, did, deed, jade, aged, goad, avoid, vowed, vied, 
tight, pate, coat, tote, estimate, cutlet, escaped, imitate, touched. 

2. Tide, toad, paid, code, fed, thawed, shade, shed, shied, red, 
bait, bet, boat, bought, bit, bat, boot, debt, doubt, date, jute, goat, 
gut, bite, echoed, copied. 

3. Ailed, old, oiled, mid, made, maid, mud, mad, aimed, amid, 
Ned, end, nod, aired, erred. 

4. Putty, buddy, tidy, toady, ditty, deity, jetty, kitty, giddy, 
gaudy, Lottie, laddie, muddy, meaty. 

5. Pullet, bullet, timid, meddle, middle, metal, medley, madly, 
picked, ticked, docked, chucked, killed, coiled, culled, cooled, mailed, 
tamed, timed, dimmed, dammed, chimed, chummed, jammed, billed, 
billet, paired, peered, poured, fired, numbed, shelled, failed, fooled, 
filled? esteemed. 

38. Past Tense of Verbs. When the present tense ends with 
a full-length t making no angle with the preceding stroke, disjoin 
and halve the t; as. 


-J 

indict 


.. ."-Ik.. . 

indicted dot 


j; 

dotted await 



awaited audited 


20 







39. When the present tense ends with a halved stroke, add a 
d-stroke for the past tense if the d joins with an angle. If no angle 
would be formed, the d-stroke may be disjoined; as, 

'."l v.v, • ..r_ .1.'i 

bead beaded pelt pelted knead kneaded deeded 


40. When the present tense ends with a full-length stroke which 
makes no angle with the preceding stroke, add the stroke t or d for 
the past tense; as (Par. 85), 



like liked kick kicked bob bobbed gag gagged 


41. Long Words. In words of two or more syllables, the writer 
is safe in halving for t or d irrespective of the preceding stroke; as, 

.. ^ . 

elevate elevated inhabit inhabited affidavit 


EXERCISE XXIII 

Read and copy. 



• !>■ 

- It j 

r j„. 







Write in phonography. 

1. Date, dated, undated, inundate, inundated, awaited. 

2. Bedded, belted, tilted, jolted, budded, matted, imitated. 

3. Peeped, popped, cocked, caked, milked. 

4. Habit, vetoed, method, debate, detached, elevate, alphabet, 
epidemic, pedagogue. 


21 
















Half-Length Logograms or Word-Signs 


about 

.. got 

_.( _without 

.... 

immediate-ly 

. 1 did 

_get, good 

^ lord, read 

— 

nature 

i - dead 

-A— after 

word 


under 

doubt 

T ' 

fact 

"XT’ 

yard 


hand, owned 

_ could 

44 

* that 

4jr 

f hold, held 
"v<" 


better 


LESSON VIII 
Double-Length Strokes 

42. The stroke mp, mb is doubled to add a final syllable er, and 
the stroke ng to add ker or ger\ as. 



timber temper amber jumper tinker linger anchor 


43. Any other curved stroke may be doubled to add a ter, der 
or ther; as, 

).) •• ■ J. (. (. ^ vf 

Easter Esther aster theater thither weather tender 

44. A double-length stroke is begun at the same point as a 
single-length for the same vowel, but is made twice as long. Study 
illustrations above. 

45. To double a stroke it must make an angle with the stroke 
to which it is joined. 

46. A final straight stroke may be tripled to add the sound of 
ter or tor, but such a stroke must make an angle with the preceding 
stroke; as, 

typewriter, injector, 



22 









47. Long Outlines. An outline of two or more strokes, one of 
which is doubled or tripled, is called a long outline and need not 
be written in position of the accented vowel, but is written on the 
base line. 

Derivatives retain the positions of their primitives. A mono¬ 
syllable always takes the position of its vowel. 


Read and copy. 


EXERCISE XXV 



By this time the student should clearly see the importance 
for accuracy in writing each stroke its exact length. 


EXERCISE XXVI 

Write in phonography. 

1. Pamper, bumper, damper, jumper, umber, lumber, limber, 
temperate. 

2. Hanker, tinker, tanker, hunger, languor, anger. 

3. Fodder, father, fighter, voter, oyster, shutter, shudder, shat¬ 
ter, litter, lighter, liter, latter, motor, mutter, miter, mother, neater, 
neither, kneader, neuter, later, shooter, wither, water, nitre, hinder, 
hindered, milder, molder. 

4. Typewriter, underwriter, injector, benefactor. 

5. (Comparative ) Lie, light, lighter, lay, late, later, shoo, shoot, 
shooter, nigh, night, nitre, me, meet, meter. 


Double-Length Logograms or Word-Signs 



matter another longer younger 


23 






EXERCISE XXVII 

Read and copy. 



EXERCISE XXVIII 

Write in phonography. 

1. If I do the job ahead of time, I may make another dollar. 

2. No matter how much money he may pay to the daily, if the ad¬ 
vertisement be not large enough he may be out of pocket in the end. 

3. The boy who came to the party had on a red tie. 4. Many do 
that which they ought not to do and later are unhappy. 5. If I do 
wrong and repair it not, I do another wrong. 6. A good job may 
give a good name to the party who did it, but not so a poor job. 
7. The judge should know all the law or he may deal unfairly and 
do wrong to another. 8. He used each day to advantage and reached 
the goal before the allotted time. 9. Time and toil may do much 
to alter the matter if I could but know now. 10. No matter how 
young or how old, each may do good to another. 11. The young 
usually do not see the need for improvement now, but put it off for 
a later time. 12. The longer I own it, the better I like it. 13. I 
should aim to use my time to advantage and not put off for a later 
date the improvement of any power I may have. 14. No matter if 
another may say I am wrong, if I know I am in the right I should 
go right on and in the end I shall reach my goal. 


24 






LESSON IX 

Rules for Writing R 

48. When r begins a word ( when it sounds first), use ray — 
except when followed by m, mp or ml). Before these strokes use ar 
for the clear joining. As, 


x\... 

/I 

/l 

rope 

ridge 

wreck writhe 


room rump 



49. When r ends a word ( when it sounds last), use ar —except 
after tn, ray, hay or tivo downward strokes; as. 


tire 


lair fair 


gear 


rare higher debar 


50. When r is the first consonant with a vowel before it, use 
ar —unless it is followed by a downward stroke other than ar or 
ish; as. 


arm ark early arch earth Irving error 


% 0- 




Irish 


51. When r is the last consonant with a vowel after it, use ray, 
always; as, 

. V- _ j -._.. 91 . 


*7 


merry 


dairy 


carry 


fairy 


theory 


Ezra 


52. In the middle of an outline ( between other strokes), use 
either ray or ar to make the better joining; as, 


lark dirty mark farm merge 


~~rr 


parody 


53. When r is the only stroke in the word with a vowel before 
it and another vowel after it, use ar; as, 


~ r Y~ 

arrow 


airy 


_2X_ 

array 




awry Erie 
54. Never use ray before m, but always use ray after m. 




25 







EXERCISE XXIX 

Read and copy. 



EXERCISE XXX 

Write in phonography. 

1. Rage, wretch, wreck, road, rut, raid, red, ripe, rip, rap, wrap, 
rogue, rug, ride, rid, rib, robe, rub, ravage, rum, roam, ream, rim, 
rhyme, ram, room, roomy, ramp, rump, romp, rumple, rumble, 
ramble, romping, ramping, rampage. 

2. Tire, tier, tare, tore, pour, poured, tired, retired, bare, bared, 
cheer, cheered, core, fear, feared, fire, fired, shear, sheared, char, 
charred, tar, tarred, moor, moored, mar, marred, rear, reared, roar, 
roared, higher. 

3. Arm, armed, army, arc, arcade, arena, early, earlier, Arab, 
Arabic, earth, earthy, erratic, urge, arrayed, error, arrear, Irish. 

4. Parry, berry, tarry, tory, dory, cherry, cheery, chary, gory, 
carry, Laura, fairy, ferry, furry, vary, theory, zero, sherry, usury, 
merry, merrier, marry, hurry, harrow, narrow, merit, ferret, parrot. 

5. Parch, birch, dirty, charge, carried, ferried, carrier, varied, 
married, tarried, birth, berth, mirth, hurried, horrid, harrowed, 
harried, mirror, Murphy, interior, anterior, narrower, form, forego, 
cargo, formal, fire-alarm, cargo. 

6. Era, eerie, arrow, awry, Ira, array. 


26 












LESSON X 


Rules for Writing L 

55. When l begins a word (when it sounds first), use lay ( writ¬ 
ten upward); as, 



life ledge luck lump lung locate 


56. When l ends a word (when it sounds last), use lay except 


after /, v, n, ng or ray- 

—then el (leritten downward); 

as, 

, y".. 


_ X--- 


bell mole 

f 

toll fell 

knell 

royal 


57. When two consecutive vowels occur just before a final l, use 
el; as, 

towel, jewel, Powel, 

58. When l is the first consonant in the word with a vowel be¬ 
fore, it use lay, unless a horizontal stroke follows; as, 

~/q~—. X ..* 

alto elegy Elsie alum alike along 

59. When l is the last consonant with a vowel after it, use lay, 
except after n or ng —then el; as, 

. ^ . 

fellow bellow mallow valley Nellie wrongly 



60. In the middle of an outline (between other strokes), use 
either lay or el to make the better joining; as. 



X. 


X--k- 


bulk calico pelf nailing knelling film 


61. When l is the only stroke in the word, use lay, always. 


27 







EXERCISE XXXI 


Read and copy. 

• 1,1 




EXERCISE XXXII 

Write in phonography. 

1. Live, leaf, leave, lop, lope, laud, load, loud, lash, laugh, 
laughed, lift, lived, love, loved, lopped, leap, leaped, lick, licked, look, 
looked, limp, limped. 

2. Ball, bawl, pole, tall, tool, dole, doll, dull, chill, jail, goal, gull, 
gale, guile, assail, lull, mail, mile, impel, tumble, gamble, thimble, 
pimple, file, fail, feel, vile, voile, vale, veil, fowl, foul, kneel, knoll, 
Nile, royal, ethereal. 

3. Towel, dowel, vowel, jewel. 

4. Albany, Altoona, alto, also, allege, elf, aloof, Elva, elk, ilk, 
alkali, Allegheny, elect, elector, Elmira, alimony, along, Olney, 
eliminate, illuminate, alumni, ultimate. 

5. Pillow, billow, bellow, below, bully, pulley, tallow, tally, 
ideally, jelly, jolly, collie, gulley, galley, folly, volley, filly, fellow, 
loyally, vanilla, Manila, wrongly, Nellie. 

6. Bulge, bilge, pillage, miller, fooling, bulk, bullock, melody, 
fallacy, policy, veiling, kneeling, knelling, filling. 

7. Ail, lay, low, lie, isle, oil, owl, allow, alloy, lieu, Eli, alley. 


28 










LESSON XI 


Rules for Writing SH 


62. When sh begins a word, use shay (written upicard ) before 
n, ng, l or any downward stroke other than ar. In all other cases 
use ish (written downward). Thus, 



--i.^.4-„ 


shinney shank shallow shop showed sheaf share 


63. When sh ends a word, use ish (written doicnward) —except 
after t , d } /, or v. After these four strokes use shay for final sh. 
Thus, 


3? 

. 3 . 


.x. [y 

iy 

yy 


gush 

mush 

rash 

J> 

push tush 

dish 

fish 

ravish 


64. When sh is the only stroke in a word, use ish. 


EXERCISE XXXIII 

Read and copy. 



Write in phonography. 

1. Shiny, shell, shawl, Shiloh, shape, ship, sheep, shade, shed, 
shad, shadow, shave, shaved, shift, shifter, sheath, sheathe, shaft, 
shake, shack, shaggy, shame, sham, shamrock, sherry, shear, sheer, 
shower. 

2. Push, bush, gash, cash, cashier, mush, mash, ambush, embellish, 
dish, dash, fish, elfish, ravish, lavish. 

3. Ash, pshaw, shy, shay, show, shoe. 


29 











EXERCISE XXXV 


Read and copy. 



EXERCISE XXXVI 

Write in phonography. 

1. So that he may be ready for the job, he should get all the data 
before that date. 2. To get the better of the enemy, get ready for 
the attack before they are ready. 3. He entered the ball room and 
asked them to leave. 4. Should they fail to act on the matter in 
March, how long should he hold off? 5. Your letter reached us on 
the day after the ship left port. 6. It will be our aim to make a 
good job of it. 7. To shinney the shiny pole was the aim or goal. 
8. How long will they go along in that way? 9. It was a matter of 
much importance and should have come before them immediately. 

10. The shade of the tall poplar fell on the rear porch late in the day. 

11. A low shed was on the edge of the pool. 12. If they retire now, 
the enemy will have the victory. 


30 











LESSON XII 


Compound Words 

65. Compound words (words written with a hyphen) are usually 
written as a single outline. In some cases, however, the outlines 
would be too long or the joining too poor. Then the two outlines are 
written close together and connected by the hyphen. 



Check-book fire-gong water-back order-book 


66. Logograms may be used in writing compound w’ords, and in 
writing derivatives a syllable or syllables may be added to logo- 
grams; as. 



altogether to-morrow to-day unusual-ly 


EXERCISE XXXVII 

Read and copy. 



Write in phonography. 

1. Life-like, way-bill, bell-tower, bed-room, door-way, road-bed, 
to-morrow, to-day, bell-rope, ship-load, eye-ball, towel-rack, boiler- 
shop, to-night, bath-room, air-chamber, camp-fire, oil-lamp, eye-lash, 
eye-lid. 

2. Altogether, although, almighty, into, doorway, easy, easily, 
uneasily, fair, fairly, unfairly, dash, dashing, dashingly, usual, un¬ 
usual, common, commonly, come, become, undo, unimportant, unim¬ 
proved, advertiser, outlook, lookout, half-rate, upright. 

31 








LESSON XIII 

Dots for ING, CON, COM, COG 


67. A light dot at the end of a stroke indicates the final syllable 
ing. After a forward curved stroke, however, many prefer the 
ng-stroke; also after ray , hay and el. This tends to greater speed. 



doing wishing hoping camping shaving hoeing falling 


68. When the diphthong i or ova occurs between the last stroke 
and the syllable ing , the diphthong sign may be written in the place 
of the ing dot to represent both. 


dying bowing, allowing ... v -/^ A ' n 

69. A light dot placed at the beginning of any stroke stands for 
the syllable con , com or cog. 

70. When the syllable con, com, cum or cog occurs between other 
syllables, the first part of the word is so written as to overlap the 
second part and the dot is omitted. 



condemn compile cognate uncondemned recompiled 


Read and copy. 


EXERCISE XXXIX 



Write in phonography. 

1. Paying, aiding, advertising, showing, using, loving, lathing, 
gnawing, tying, lying, shying, bowing. 

2. Conduct, conductor, conduit, confect, confide, confiding, con¬ 
fided, conforming, congenial, connive, contact, command, commanded, 
commander, commend, commendatory, comment, compact, compel, 
compete, cognate. 

3. Recommend, reconnect. 


32 














LESSON XIV 

Ticks for THE, A, AN, AND 

71. A short, light tick slanting like chay or ray is joined at the 
end of a stroke for the. The angle must be sharp ( acute ). This 
same tick may be disjoined and written in the place of the ing dot 
for the ending ing-the. 

~X . X— .ZX.- X —. U 

for-the in-the give-the was-the paying-the doing-the 


EXERCISE XLI 

Read and copy. 



EXERCISE XLII 

Write in phonography. 

1. Of-the, to-the, or-the, but-the, on-the, should-the, pay-the, 
aid-the, show-the, use-the, love-the, have-the, lath-the, gnaw-the, 
endow-the, move-the. 

2. Paying-the, aiding-the, showing-the, using-the, loving-the, lath- 
ing-the, gnawing-the, advertising-the. 

72. Whenever it makes a sharp angle, a k-tick is joined to a 
following word for a, an or and as preceding such word; as, 

i ..z_-X-.__ - 

a-dollar an-advantage and-live and-he and-the 


EXERCISE XLIII 

Read and copy. 

11 1 0/ h j). 11 v y \ l ~ r ‘> 


EXERCISE XLIV 

Write in phonography. 

A-day, a-joy, a-half, a-leaf, a-lot, a-letter, a-check, an-edge, an- 
affair, an-advertisement, and-if, and-for, and-half, and-do, and-had, 
and-he, and-the, and-they. 


33 








LESSON XV 


Phrasing 

73. Words that often occur together are usually phrased, that is, 
written as one outline without lifting the pen Generally these 
phrases consist of only two or three words; a few of more, but 
seldom. Phrases must join easily. 

The first word of a phrase usually gets its correct position 
There are a few exceptions to this general rule tor the sake ol 
legibility, when the second word of the phrase must have its own 
position. 

74. The ticks for a, an, and, and the logograms for i, of, on lie 
and in usually accommodate themselves to the following outline. 
I, when phrased, is not always written in full; and the words time 
and much, for which we have logograms, must be written in lull 
when phrased. 

75. The logogram for he, when phrased, may be written upward 
or downward to make the sharper angle. 


EXERCISE XLV 

Read and copy. 

i. Y. 

2..1 .1 1-^—'l.p-A;.-. 

3 7 /:V - "v !~y 1 7 


EXERCISE XLVI 

Write in phonography. 

1. It-will, it-will-be, it-may-be, in-your-letter, in-your-order, any¬ 
thing, any-way, if-the, for-the, half-the, for-him ( for-me is not 
phrased), for-them. 

2. In-each, in-which, in-mucli, of-each, of-which, of-much, on-eacli, 
on-which, on-much, a-dollar, a-day. 

3. A-toy, a-deal, a-tool, a-dime, a-farm, a-tour, an-advantage, an- 
advertisement, an-elevator, an-inch, and-they, and-thank, and-if, and- 
allow, and-I-do. 

4. I-did, I-do, I-had, I-am, I-will, I-think-they-will, in-time, half¬ 
time, a-long-time-ago, too-much, so-much, he-may, he-had, he-did, he- 
will, he-thanked-them, he-should. 

76. Some writers omit the phrase of-the when it occurs between 
two nouns and suggest it by writing the outlines of the nouns very 
close together. 


34 





LESSON XVI 


Tick and Dot H 

77. When the sound of h begins the word, the tick-h is used 
if it makes a sharp angle with the stroke following. This tick 
always slants like cliay. It is not written on ray, but is attached to 
k, gay, s, z, lay, ar, m, mp and way. 

78. If the tick does not make a sharp angle with the following 
stroke, the stroke hay is used; as, 

_ 

hock ham hear hill why whose hub head heavy 


79. Between two strokes, the tick is used if it makes a sharp 
angle with each of the strokes. Should the tick not make such a 
joining, and the stroke hay does not make a good outline, a light dot 
is placed alongside and before the following vowel. See below. 

^ ~T VI 4... k 

unhook unhealthy behead boyhood adhere alcohol 


80. When h is the only consonant 
precedes it, the stroke hay is used. 

hay, high, ahoy, ahead -^ 


in the word, or when a vowel 




EXERCISE XLVII 


Read and copy. 



EXERCISE XLVIII 


Write in phonography. 

1. Hack, hag, hake, hackee, hackney, hazy, hail, haul, hall, halo, 
hello, hallow, hollow, hair, hare, hear, here, harm, heart, hard, 
heard, hem, hemp, why, herein, hamper. 

2. Hub, hood, heed, hid, hitch, hearty, hardy, harp, harsh, hinder, 

hanker, horrid, horrify, hyena. ' . . ' 

3 .Unhemmed, unheard, unhooked, inhale, unhitched, unhappy, 
mohair, unhandy, boyhood, Ohio, ahead, aheap. 

35 







LESSON XVII 
Brief W and Brief Y 

81. When w or y is the first sound in the word, use the brief 
form, unless two vowels occur between it and the next consonant, 
when the stroke way is used. The brief form of w or y may be 
turned either way to make the better joining with the following 
stroke. 


1 ./ 


wed wedge wing yonder 



yore yam ewer Wyoming 


82. On the strokes lay, ray, m and n the brief w is written in 
the form of a hook, without an angle. 

83. The tick h may precede the brief w, and may be written up¬ 
ward. See below. 

84. Between two strokes the brief w or brief y may be used if 
the joining is clear and easily made. 


r. x. 



r? 


well wore won whack whale whim whine outwit unyoke 


85. The brief w or brief y may be disjoined and written beside 
a stroke as a coalesccnt or combination of the w or y and a follow¬ 
ing vowel. 

When disjoined: 

c equals w plus a dot vowel. 

3 equals w plus a dash vowel. 

« equals y plus a dot vowel. 

« equals y plus a dash vowel. 
u equals w plus the long sound of i. 

}o 


If the sign is light, it denotes a light vowel following the w or y; 
if heavy, a heavy vowel. The sign is written in the position of the 
vowel. 







Heavy 

Signs 






W 





Y 


1 

|C 

we 

1 i 

3 

waw 

1 

v ye 

i 

|« yaw 

2 

c 

wa 

2 

3 

wo 

2 

° ya 

2 

r yo 

3 

C 1! 

wah 

3 

=>9X 

woo 

3 

yah 

3 

' Al '" yoo 






Light 

Signs 



1 

c 

Wl 

1 i 

0 

wo 

1 m y* 

1 

o yo 

2 

c 

we 

2 

•i 

3 

wfi 

2 L ye 

2 

" yu 

3 

<= v 

wa 

3 i 

3 ft 

woo 

3 Wrya 

3 

7f yoo 


36 









86. Like the diphthong, a third-place coalescent sign may be 
joined if the sound occurs after the stroke and the joining is clear. 
(See illustrations below.) 


V".. 








99 


bewail cubic foliage idiot India ammonia avenue 


87. When a vowel precedes w or y, or when it is the only 
consonant in the word, the stroke form is used. 



awake aware oyer way woo yew 


C "*■ 

ewe await 


88. The strokes lay, ray, m and n, when written with the w-Jioolc, 
need not be shaded when halved for d. 


-C 


wilt 


.<r <r \/ 

... ...— —v—nf 

willed wild wart ward warred went wend 


Read and copy. 


EXERCISE XLIX 


xJAl __ _ 1 . ztzz !. S 

‘ { ■) v-^ ' 1 


£ -c Y Y 



EXERCISE L 

Write in phonography. 

1. Web, weep, width, witch, wig, woke, wag, woof, wife, 
weave, well, wealthy, wedding, wedded, weighty, weightier, yawl, 
yon, yonder, unique, unity, yam, yank, Yankee, yoke, wore, worry, 
wordy, worthy, wire, wiry, worried, wearied, wily, weal, wheel, 
whale, while, whet, whang, whirled. 

2. Unwed, unwell, unwealthy, unweave, unworthy, unwearied, 
unyoke, unyoked, await, awake, oyer, woe, woo, yew. 

3. Opium, India, idiocy, fuel, duel, dual, cubit, pew, due, avenue, 
ammonia, mania. 

4. Wart, ward, wired ,welt, weld, welded, welter, welder, Walter, 
want, wand, wander, wonder, wind, winder, unwind, whined, wilt, 
willed, Avild, went, wend. 


37 









Brief W and Y Logograms and Phrases 


c 



we, with 

_Vi 

yet 


were 

n 

beyond 

0 

what 

_ r\ — 

you 


would 

—r 

new, knew 

K/ 

~ Yoj 

ye 

'Yt 4 

when 


.^-^,-one, won 


with-me 

world 

— 

we-may 

with-him 

we-will 

S 

we-would 

. u/.r we-are 

3 

what-would 

we-were 

/•r 

/»<. v 

if-you-have 


89. The logogram for you may be inverted in phrasing when it 
forms a better outline. See line three helow. 

90. Remember that in phrasing the general rule is to give the 
first word of the phrase its correct position, but that there are a 
few cases where the second word must have its own position for 
legibility; also that the tick for he , when phrased, may be written 
either upward or downward. 


Drill on Phrasing 





With-the, what-the, would-the, beyond-the, yet-the, you-the, when- 
the, we-are-the, and-we, and-beyond, and-yet, and-when, and-we-are, 
and-we-think, and-we-think-it, and-we-think-so, we-do, we-do-so, we- 
had, we-were, if-we, if-we-had, if-we-have, if-we-shall, for-we, for-we- 
had, we-would, we-would-be, if-we-would, you-should, you-should-be, 
you-should-have, you-are, you-will, you-will-be, you-will-do, you-will- 
do-so, you-may, you-liave, you-have-it, if-you-will, if-you-are, for-you- 
will, for-you-are, or-you-will, or-you-are, but-you-will, but-you-are, 
before-you-are, but-you-should, if-you-had, if-you-have, for-you-had, 
for-you-have, with-each, with-which, with-much, we-think-you-will, 
we-think-you-will-do, we-think-you-are, we-thank, we-thank-you, he- 
was, he-would, he-would-be, he-would-have, he-would-go, he-will, he- 
will-be, he-should, he-should-be, he-had-the, may-he, may-he-have. 


38 











EXERCISE LI 


Read and copy. 



x 7 „. SK CS. V 

-'VV''-* 8. V'"_/.V^ rJ^ 


"^( 1 . 9 r, 

" v, io i. r^Lt Li 


ACS Y^X/^ 

\ ___ joi 


EXERCISE LII 

Write in phonography. (Phrase where liyphenized.) 

1. You-will-be judged by-your work and-the company you keep. 
2. Improve your mental power now, that you-may not have to toil 
merely by hand in later life. 3. Take heed of health, for-that we 
know to-be wealth. 4. No matter who may say I-am in-the wrong, 
if I know I-am-right, I should go right on in-the usual way. 5. Did- 
you ever see a-fool who had any love for-them who aimed to teach 
him to-improve? 6. Let nothing worry you—keep calm and-lay by 
for-the morrow. 7. When-the time may come they-will-be ready who 
see-the importance and improve each mental power which was given 
to-them at birth. 8. Lack of use will in-time make our ability decay. 

9. She should-be happy if she but have enough for-her own use. 

10. If-you borrow, take heed that-you already know how and when 
you-are going to pay back. 11. It might be well to wait a while be¬ 
fore writing or your anger may get-the better of-you and in-your 
hurry you-may say what you do not wish to say. 12. If-you have no 
good to say of-your fellow, it would be better to say nothing. 


39 











LESSON XVIII 


Two-Stroke Logograms and Contractions 


~7 acknowledge 
anybody 


bank 
change-d 
- electric-ity 
English 

b - establish-ed-ment 


Sw—familiar 
— February 
individual 
influential 


- 1 — knowledge 

, v rL length 

— machinery 
magazine 
manufacture 


r~" 

1-irregular 

- January 


Nebraska 


neglect-ed 


. New Jersey 
—New York 

nobody 

November 

">/;r ob j ect 


.objected 

4 

t \ peculiar 
-V-—poor 

V 

popular 

public-ish-er 

pure 

j/-- rather 

✓Z . . regular 

z\ represent-ed 
» 

...\s~ territory 
Virginia 
J- wisdom 

n/1 

— y - bill-of-lading 


40 














EXERCISE LIII 

Read and copy. 



EXERCISE LIV 

Write in phonography. (Phrase where hyphenized.) 

1. Fear not to-acknowledge an error, but aim rather to-improve 
your lack of knowledge. 2. We-know knowledge to-be a good thing, 
so get all you-may in-your youth. 3. It-was a rather peculiar change 
to-make and-he objected to-it at-the-time. 4. The Dutch came early 
to New York and New Jersey. 5. The manufacturer neglected to 
publish-the catalog of-electric machinery in March of-that year. 
6. If-you-wish to-be popular in-your own community, keep faith with 
all whom you-may-be asked to-represent. 7. They objected to-the 
English used in-the January issue of-the magazine. 8. In February 
and November we usually elect them who are to-regularly represent 
us in public life. 9. He-was influential in Nebraska, but not in 
Virginia. 10. Form a regular habit and-deal with-the bank. 11. To 
conduct-the affair in an irregular way for any length of time will 
ruin-the company. 12. To-do a-job well do not give it to another 
but-rather take-the time to-do it in-the-way in-which it-should-be. 




41 









LESSON XIX 

Circles for S, Z, Ses, Sez, Zes and Zez 

91. A small circle may be written at the beginning of any stroke 
for the sound of 6% and at the end of a stroke or between two strokes 
for the sound of s or z. A large circle thus written expresses the 
sound of ses, sez, zes or zez, the short sound of e being always under¬ 
stood. 


\ _^_ h. —.~--f- Sf-v 

space spaces suffice suffices deceit possessed 


92. These circles are written with the motion of the capital o, 
and are placed on the right or upper "Side of straight strokes. On 
curved strokes, inside the curve, and the motion may be reversed. 


.a.X ..L... 

sip set such six Sara soho safe sir cease 

Note: Observe the writing of the circle on hay in “soho” as dis¬ 
tinguished from the circle on ray. 


93. Between two straight strokes making an angle, the circle 
is written outside of the angle. Where there is no angle the circle is 
on the right or upper side. Between a straight stroke and a curved 
stroke, the circle is inside the curve. Between two curved strokes, 
it is usually inside the first curve, but this is not always the case. 



desk risk razor cask desire chisel mason upset 


94. A vowel sounding between two s’s is shown 
as follows: 

For short sound of i use a light dot; as, exist. 

For long sound of e use a heavy dot; as, season. 

For short sound of u use a light dash; as, suspect. 

For the sound of aw use a heavy dash; as, sausage. 

For long sound of i use the diphthong; as, exercise. 

For long sound of u use a coalescent; as, Susan. 





"6 


42 













EXERCISE LV 


Read and copy. 

(A circle at the beginning reads first, and a circle at the end 
reads last.) 


If 

.-. 

: \ 1 C . ! Vv 

tl/ /.. , / / u- 



95. A third s following the ses circle is written thus: 

possesses, abscesses, exercises. So \p —^„ e 

96. When s sounds first, the circle is used, unless two vowels 
immediately follow. 

97. When z is the first sound, the stroke must be used. 

98. When s or z sounds last, use the circle, unless two vowels 
immediately precede it. 


*—J> 

- u 

science 

L— 


...~n... 

\- 

. \ 

signs 

zinc 

case 

chaos 

pies 

J//7 

pious 


99. If a vowel occurs before s at the beginning, or after s or 0 
at the end, the stroke must be used. 

100. For s or z between two strokes, the circle is used, except in 
derivatives. 

)_.Sj v . ,>c 

ask fussy fuzzy dusk haziness dizziness 


48 









101. Position of Outline. Two strokes plus a circle make a 
long outline and need not be written in position for the accented 
vowel, but is placed on the.base line, except that: 

(а) Words of but one syllable are always positioned; and 

(б) Derivatives keep the positions of their primitives. 

EXERCISE LVI 

Write in phonography. 

(An x sounds ks or gays , and is so written.) 

1. Sap, sop, sit, sight, cite, city, siege, seek, save, sauce, soar, 
sour, seem, seen, small, spill, sickly, sorrow, soho, sierra, sienna, 
Siam, zenith, zero, zeal. 

2. Pass, passes, base, bases, gaze, gazes, vice, vices, thighs, sigh, 
sighs, mix, mixes, say, says, shows, ashes, loss, losses, amaze, amazes, 
bias, dais, pious. 

3. Estey, Ezra, easier, easily, assume, asthma, pussy, busy, daisy, 
juicy, cozy, gauzy, dizzy, rosy, hazy. 

4. Upset, beset, disc, discuss, dispel, decide, Busby, racer, hus¬ 
sar, basin, chosen, cousin, rosin, horizon, deceiving, fastening, decom¬ 
posing, disconnecting, recognizes, laziness, dizziness, haziness, cozily, 
system, suspecting, decease, disease, diseases, possesses, sausages, 
swayed, sweep, swift, swallow, swam, swan, swore, swing, swamp, 
swelled. 


Circle Logograms, Contractions and Phrases 

as, has _ impossible Mrs. 

because " 9 • a . . , 

- -influence -mistake 

commence ■—° _ "—-i 

hence influences X. nevertheless 

-v^p commences . °. is , his purpose 

December ^ , manuscript respect-ed- 

ful-ly 

yt disadvantage /7 . - Massachusetts \^/. satisfactory 
■7^/ ,exc ^ ange '^ Misses ...f satisfy-ied 

/ /XX. | /JJ 


44 










V—v September 
several 

_similar 

<r ”'' J simple-y 


> 


/iV 


somebody 


sometime 


somewhat 

t 

subject 


subjected 

Y- 

this 


those 

4) 


understood 

whatsoever 

whomsoever 

whosoever 

Wisconsin 

always 

also 


102. The circle may be joined to any logogram for its plural, to 
add the final syllable self. 


r < 


' . 7 


/1J 


year years advantages advantageous myself herself 


C 


himself yourself 


. C . 

yourselves 


."d. 

ourselves 


.~ /xe 

themselves 


103. In phrasing the circle may be joined for the words: as, has, 
his, so, us. 


.X 

as-far-as 

so-far-as 

L. 

before-his 

before-us 

4 - 

such-as 

a 

9. —p 

as-long-as 

so-long-as 

n> 

beyond-his 

beyond-us 

4 

that-is 

that’s 


1 

it-has 



to-his 

to-us 


as-much-as 

it-is 

_ 


as-soon-as 

No 

of-his 

of-us 

c 

with-his 


J> 

on-his 


with-us 


,c~ 

/XI ■ 

as-well-as 

/so 

on-us 

/3/' 

he-is 

104. 

The circle may 

be disjoined at the end and written in 


puoltiuu Ui -^ ^ * 

at the beginning of an outline for self or circum. 


45 



















sayings doing-his-us taking-his-us selfish 


. .A.. t ... ^ .. 

self-respect self-conceit circumspect circumnavigate 


V, 

business 


V, 

baseness 


Special Forms 



absence My-dear-Sir Yours-truly 


yours-respectfully 


.-4 

Respectfully-yours 


/jj 


in-answer 


Business Letters 

(To be read, copied and written from slow dictation.) 



x x denotes new paragraph. 


46 
















LESSON XX 

Loops for St and Str 

105. A small narrow loop at the beginning, middle or end of an 
outline expresses the sound of st without a vowel between them. 
This loop is one-third to one-half the length of a stroke. It is written 
on the same side as the s and ses circle. 

106. When a vowel occurs after the t at the end of a word, the 
stroke t is used. 


A..... 

A. A 

r 

_ X- . 

stub 

stage vest 

least 

justify 


T ..__.tr. 


VJf 


mustache dusty 


107. The sound of zd after ray , liay and n is expressed by this 
loop, but the loop is shaded. After other single strokes use circle s 
and stroke d. 


.... 

razed raised 


hazed 


sneezed 


...rX 

caused 


X 5 T r 

amazed amused 


(Note the positions of the last three words. They are de¬ 
rivatives and keep the positions of their primitives.) 

108. In outlines of two or more strokes, final zd may be written 
with the loop, and it need not be shaded. 

109. The st loop may be used on halved strokes, and to form the 
superlative degree of adjectives. 


revised 


_...W.. 

apologized 


•<T 


exposed stilts 


/in¬ 
stilled start 


110. A final str without an accented vowel between them is ex¬ 
pressed by a large loop, two-thirds the length of the stroke. This 
loop is not used initially. 

111. A final s following st or sir is expressed by a small circle 
written through the stroke. 

NS. _Jrfcx. jS. . X:.X_ A .,v, 

* 

poster investor lustre ancestor posts posters 

47 








EXERCISE LVII 


Read and copy. 

I f /' . £ULA J A ?- h. y .. ^ 

■V. 


.d*. 






.r r r 




.4:.. J^SX--b^j. - Jb-_ - 




"PPT 
/<// 


EXERCISE LVIII 

Write in phonography. 

1. Steep, stab, stood, statue, stature, stop, stage, stuck, stakes, 
sticks, story, stories, staves, stalls, steers, stamps, stars, starling, 
pest, lust, lustful, mast, nest, assist, cost, guest, mixed, annexed, rust, 
gust, lusty, nasty, rusty, gusty, hasty, musty, russet, gusset, beset, 
rosette. 

2. Noise, noises, noised, unhoused, roused, aroused, phased, 
caused, gazed, amazed, amused, accused, disposed, apologized, 
exercised. 

3. Old, older, oldest, neat, neater, neatest, needest, fittest, 
fattest, stilt, stilled, styled, stalled, stamped, steamed, stemmed, 
stunned, stint, start, starred, stirred, stored. 

4. Mast, masts, master, masters, masterful, masterpiece, song, 
songs, songster, songsters, pose, poses, post, posts, poster, posters, 
roasters, dusters, investors, hucksters, barristers, ancestors, teamsters. 


Loop Logograms 



commenced, next first influenced stenography suggest 
112. The st loop may be written on any logogram; as. 


largest, commonest. 


longest, 


•/••• 


/</j 


48 












113. The st loop is often reduced to an s circle in phrasing, 
omitting the t for a better working outline. 

Special Forms and Phrases 


< answer 


_at-first 

earnest 

__ _elsewhere 


last-month 

r fJ7\ 




i---must-be 
. must-make 

- necessary 

-vr-- 0 -- next-time 


\,.postage 

postmaster 


post office 






- next-year 




Business Letters 
*) 




,! jW" 7 '. N V 

Vo 



49 











LESSON XXI 


Final Hooks—N 

114. When n is the last sound in a word or syllable it is ex¬ 
pressed by a small final hook written on the left or under side of 
straight strokes and on the inside of curved strokes, but if two 
vowels occur just before it the stroke must be used. 

I 

^ ...V... 

pain gain chain wren hen vain lane moan Leon 


115. When n at the end is followed by a vowel, use the stroke; as, 


pen, penny, fun, funny, honey 


\ 



116. As was the case with the "brief w hook , the strokes lay , m, 
n, ray and ar, when written with an n hook and halved for a final 
/or d , are not shaded for the d. If any distinction is necessary, 
the hook may be shaded. Such t or d reads after the n hook. 

_ j?_ _... 

lent lend meant mend rent rend errant errand 


117. For s following final n, close the hook on the straight 
strokes and write the small circle within the hook on curved strokes. 

118. The syllable ses following n is written on straight strokes 
by placing the ses circle on the n hook side, and after curved strokes 
by using n stroke and ses circle. 


X.X _^ 


. ^ . -4- 


pain pains cane canes 

lane 

lanes dances 

lances 


119. Final nst and nstr are expressed by writing the loops on 
the n hook side of straight strokes, and on the n stroke after curved 
strokes. 



against danced spinster fenced monster minister 


50 








EXERCISE LIX 


Read and copy. 


1 \ \ J* j - 9 ^ ^C. ^\~J lri 

2 't 'S J J J- J^ f </• _ . _ , 

—? -? -X ^ b* 

i V.M/:./.. !T!.^ /Ay- 

..Jr. .iy../ 9 k»V^,... l :-j v 6 


120. Position of Outline. Two strokes plus a kook make a 
long outline—in fact, two strokes plus anything (a circle, a loop, a 
hook, a half-length, a double-length), make a long outline, and need 
not be written in position for the accented vowel, except that: 

(а) Words of but one syllable are always positioned; and 

(б) Derivatives keep the positions of their primitives. 


EXERCISE LX 

Write in phonography. 

1. Bin, pin, den, gain, run, hone, fine, then, assign, shin, line, 
mine, nun, remnant, bench, Danish, pinch, finished, campaign, cham¬ 
pagne, lion, Zion, ruin, bony, downy, rainy, shiny, shinney, funny, 
money, assignee. 

2. Pine, pint, pined, bent, bend, paint, pained, spent, spend, 
suspend, chant, vent, vend, fount, found, hound, hunt, find, anoint, 
island, disappointed, dismounted, disjointed, incumbent, raiment, 
assignment. 

3. Bins, dens, tense, tenses, gains, runs, hones, fins, fines, thence, 
assigns, mines, mice, mince, minces, moans, nuns, announce, announc¬ 
ing, announces, announcement, tent, tents, paints, spends, suspends, 
faints, vents. 

4. Rice, rinse, rinses, rinsed, pounced, bounced, danced, dis¬ 
pensed, distanced, fence, fences, fenced, lanced, minced, announced, 
punster, spinster, banister, canister, meanest, evenest (write halved 
s upward), oftenest, finest, vainest. 


51 







N Hook Logograms and Contractions 


\A 


upon 

Pa. 


—, cannot 

_account 


man 

men 


>. v been 
\ .behind 


i i / phonography 
phonographer 


amount 
may not 
movement 


J 


/ at once 
— general-ly 


J—>_attainment 

<\ disappointment _assignment 

O O 

alone 


phonographic 

( , within 
__V„— than 

X 


mentioned 


y gentleman 
J . ... gentlemen 


can 

-again 


again-and- 
/s 4 again 


salesman 

salesmen 


*—5 woman 
.women 


/ss 


enlargement 
~^ - opinion 

England 

>—j- independent 

y intelligence 

intelligent 


r instant 

^ notwithstanding 
/st, ° understanding 


121. In phrasing, the n hook is used for the words been, one, 
on, own, than, hand, and not by many writers. 


J 




had-been 

have-been 


some-one 



rather-than 


at-liand 

is-at-hand 



longer-tlian 


J . did-not 
—J . do-not 
J had-not 




here-on 
whe re-on 


her-own 
S' my-own 
1 your-own 


/P 

/J-7 


return 


younger-than 


r... 


have-not 

will-not 


-^-faster-tlian 



later-than 


vo 'X™ 


are-not 

we-are-not 


I -am-not 


I-will-not 


52 













Business Letters 





(Translate into phonography, phrasing where hyphenated.) 

The Paiste Manufacturing Co, 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Gentlemen: 

I-am soon to-make my home in-your-city and-at-the suggestion 
of-your agent, William T. Walter, I-am writing-you this general let¬ 
ter, asking-you to kindly bear me in mind should-you-have a-vacancy 
in-your office force after-the first of next month. 

I-have-been doing general office work for-your agent here for-the 
last two years and so am familiar with-your line of goods. My work 
in-this office has-been filing and indexing, as-well-as phonography 
and typing. My age is nineteen. 

Should-you desire to ask about me, you-may-write to James M. 
Canfield, 416 Kaighn Avenue, Camden, N. J., who-has known me 
for-the last nine years. 

Respectfully yours, 


53 











LESSON XXII 
Final Hooks—F or V 

122. When / or v is the last sound in a word or syllable, it is 
written with a small final hook on the right or upper side of straight 
strokes. This hook is not written on curved strokes. 


123. When s follows the / or v hook, write a small circle within 
the hook. 



pave paves cuff cuffs leave leaves knife knives 


124. When a vowel occurs after / or v , use the stroke. 

125. On halved strokes the t or d reads after the hook. 



puff puffy puffed coffee heavy cough coughed 


EXERCISE LXI 


Read and copy. 



EXERCISE LXII 

Write in phonography. 

1. Buff, pave, tough, dive, chief, cove, gave, roof, hive, paver, 
diver, roofer, divide, deafness, toughness, positiveness, knave, knife, 
life, loaf, muff. 

2. Puffs, paves, chiefs, coves, roofs, hives, leaves, knaves, knives, 
lives, loaves, muffs. 

3. Davy, navy, cafe, bevy, covey, review. 

4. Puffed, rebuffed, unpaved, behaved, upheaved, rafts, tufts, 
gifts, shafts, lifts, shifts, uplift. 

Logograms and Contractions 

-N . I . -L . L .^.«, 

above differ-ed- whatever out-of representative 

ent-ence 

.t < -.t 

whichever whatsoever whoever government said-to-have 

which-have who-have 


54 

















LESSON XXIII 


Final Hooks—SHUN 

126. The final syllable shun (whether the spelling be sion, sian, 
tion, tian, cion, cian or shion ) is generally written as a large final 
hook, but when two vowels occur just before this syllable the sh 
stroke and n hook must be used. 

127. This hook is written inside of curved strokes. On straight 
strokes it is opposite the accented vowel, unless there is a circle or 
hook or curved stroke making no angle joined at the beginning, then 
the hook is swung on the opposite side to balance the motion. 



confession situation caution exception selection 


128. On the strokes t, d, chay and j it is always on the right, 
unless such circle, hook or curve precedes. 

129. Between two strokes it may be on either side, to make the 
better outline. 



dictation edition magician dictionary executioner 


130. When s or ns immediately precedes shun, it is written as a 
hook ^through the stroke, and is known as the sition-session-sation 
hook. 

131. When s follows shun, it is written within the hook. 



position possessions compensation fashions situations 


EXERCISE LXIII 

2 . IJ. .. 


Read and copy. 

- X ^ 


.3 


X . . 

^ yr . 


55 




















EXERCISE LXIV 

Write in phonography. 

1. Notion, nation, motion, session, evasion, caution, auction, 
election, elocution, vivisection, attention, attenuation, continua , 

retft 2. Condition, expectation, logician, expedition, exception, con¬ 
stitution, intimation, intimidation, condescension , n i st 

3. Auctioneer, cautionary, occasionally, electioneer, elocutionist, 

constitutional, visionary. ... ■, . •_ miia : 

4. Physician, physicians, incision, incisions, condensation, musi¬ 
cians, notions, cushions, sessions, cessations, rations, orations. 


Logograms and Contractions 


-J- 


A 


nr 


h . 

objection subjection satisfaction suggestion 

. / %. r>. . .^. 

representation association information 

Advanced Speed Abbreviations 

132. Rapid shorthand writers use seme of the following brief 
forms, writing the stroke through the preceding outline (usually 
through the last stroke of it), for the respective words given below. 

\ .\ .I__I---/ 

party bank committee department agent railroad 

__) . J~ .-.-. 

company society association 

Business Letters 

■J 


/ 7i- 


nj 


._ * _. 


._y* ti- Vi .__ J /?.' ^ ^ / J ^ ' _ _ / ” 

7-I S T V 


1 ..LyA/ ^ 





l: ^ 















Lesson XXIV 


Initial Hooks—L 

133. When l immediately follows another consonant, it is writ¬ 
ten as a small hook at the beginning of the preceding stroke. When 
a distinct vowel occurs between the l and the preceding consonant, 
the stroke l is used. 

134. The l hook is written on the right or upper side of straight 
strokes and inside of curved strokes. 

-Vl-1 ~L-/ _L. JL. . 

pi bl tl dl chi jl kl gl fl vl thl thl shl ml nl rl ngl 


^ . V' ^ V" ^ >.<.V ,,, 

play pale glow goal flay fail table facial 

135. The shl is written upward and only when joined to another 
stroke, thus not conflicting with shn. 

The hooks on ml, nl, rl and ngl are large so as not to interfere 
with w hook and r hook. 

136. The s circle or the h tick may precede the l hook. 

137. When the l hook is used medially, the hook is sometimes 
imperfect—flattened, especially Avhen combined with the s circle. 

*..V. i'..rt.-TV. 

splay civil huddle haggle gavel explain cycle 


Read and copy. 


EXERCISE LXV 



57 














EXERCISE LXVI 

Write in phonography. 

1 . Ply, pile, blow, bowl, addle, plow, please, glee, clean, cleaned, 
cleanse, cleansed, glanced, flit, flutter, clip, clipped, claw, claws, 
clawed, flow, flown, foal, clue, cool, cooled, pickle, pickled, speckled, 
baffle, baffled, bevel, beveled, shoveled, unstable, initial, palatial, 
camel, hummel, tunnel, funnel, penal, carol, coral, floral, choral, 
glowingly, feelingly. 

2 . Spice, spices, spiced, splice, splices, spliced, settle, subtle, 
sidle, disciple, possible, passable, disclaim, disclose. Hopple, huddle, 
huddled, hobbled, exclaim. 

3. Muffle, naval, snuffle, snivel, cavil, couple, ruffle, revel, ex¬ 
plicit, explode, explored. 


Logograms, Contractions and Phrases 


\ s comply 

.--people-d 

x apply 

\ S. \ belong-ed 
-V balance 


f 



belief-ve 

until 
till, tell 
at-all 



/7f 


r 


twelve 

at-length 

deliver-ed-y 

child 

enildren 

which-will 


'—I call 

-1 difficult-y 

quality 
real-ly, rely 
(y/ rail, roll 
rule 



follow-ed 


-L- full-y 
^ value-d 


only 
unless 
annual 

please-advise 
oblige 

0 _ o \ first-class 

capable 




Calif. 


... we-inclose 



inclosure 


Business Letter 





r. 


./v. 


/ r./ 


_c 

■f 


58 









LESSON XXV 
Initial Hooks—R 

138. As with the l, when r immediately follows another con¬ 
sonant it is written as a small hook at the beginning of the pre¬ 
ceding stroke. When a distinct vowel occurs between the r and the 
preceding consonant, the stroke r is generally used. 

139. This hook is written on the left or under side of straight 
strokes, and on the curved strokes as shown below— just the op¬ 
posite of the l hook. 

A __ 1_ 1 


pr br 

tr dr 

chr jr kr 

gr fr vr 

thr 

thr shr zhr mr nr lr 

X.... 

-X 

' \ 

,.A 

X, 

- K b? 

pray 

pare 

grow gore 

fray 

fare 

\ - /rj 

taper fisher 


140. Shr is always written downward, and mr and nr are shaded 
to distinguish from wm and urn. 

141. For s preceding the r hook , close the hook on a straight 
stroke and form it into a circle on the r hook side. On a curved 
stroke, the hook must be kept open and the circle written within the 
hook. See par. 92. 

142. The h tick may precede the r hook. See below. 

143. As with the l hook , medially the r hook is often imperfect. 
Study carefully the illustrations below. 

.:\ .. . ^.~.i..4- w 

spray sever succor summer hatter humor joker 

EXERCISE LXVII 

Read and copy. 

vH l ‘AS'•. 



59 













144. Intervocalization. In long words, to get a better working 
outline, the hooks for l and r are sometimes used even if there is a 
vowel between the l or r and the preceding consonant. To show 
such a vowel as reading between: 

(а) Write a first-place dash vowel across the beginning of the 
stroke. 

(б) The second- and third-place dashes through the stroke. 

(c) For a heavy dot vowel, write a small circle before the stroke. 

( d ) For a light dot, a small circle after the stroke. 

(e) Diphthongs and coalescents are struck through. 



Columbus adjourn rule 


C y 

rail realm 



calculation entire 


145. For s preceding r hook medially, the hook is written 
through the stroke or the circle turned beneath the second stroke. 



extreme 


\.•- 

pasture restrict 


V.^ " 7 

westerly registration 



demonstrate off-spring subscribe disagree cheese-press 


146 St loop or ses circle may precede r hook on straight strokes. 

1 / 


V.-L, 

steeper stutter 


. / 

stager stoker 


cistern 


rrr 

stitcher 


EXERCISE LXVIII 


Read and copy. 


. 4 . 







4X 





60 












EXERCISE LXIX 


Write in phonography. 

1 . Prow, tree, dry, draw, treat, dried, prate, trait, ochre, crate, 
gray, fray, freight, every, offer, patter, dapper, deprive, dredger, 
maker, Wanamaker, liquor, sugar. 

2 . Straw, street, strait, sprout, spree, strata, secret, secretary, 
cider, seeker, stretcher, scratcher, supper, suffer, savor, soother, 
hotter, heather, Hoosier, hitter. 

3. Wicker, poker, speaker, ticker, checkers, chipper. 

4. Column, cultivate, courtesy, courteous, learn, furnish, furni¬ 
ture, northern, enroll, rulable, chairman, charmingly, carbon, develop¬ 
ment, telegraph. 

5. Pastry, pasture, extra, prosperous, obstreperous, abstruse, 
illustration, demonstration, demonstrative, mistress, disagrees, de¬ 
scription, subscription, superscription, Jasper, disfranchise. 

6 . Stupor, stabber, stouter, sticker, staggeringly, sister, sistrum. 


Logograms, Contractions and Phrases 


\ appear 

' principle-al 


practice-cal 


'N 


particular 

part 

- opportunity 




a surprise 

spirit 
sport 


•\ \ proper-ty 

\ V V probable-ly 
X \ / passenger 
member, 
remember 
number 
October 


q n transit 

s J ;> J transaction 

^ transcript 


- 1 - 1 - 


doctor- 

dear 

during 


l >7 


duration 

danger 

larger 


/?/ 


care 

»careful ly 
commercial-ly 


accord-ing-ly 
; character 
’ characteristic 


great 

aggregate 


"■& 


from 

free-on-board 
f. o. b. 


over 


very, every 
everybody 


q truth 

T_T. true 

toward, trade 


1 9 

l.j-x- 


9 

} 

5-0- 


three 

third 

throughout 


either 

there, their 
other 


their-own 

•other-than 


sure-ly 

assure 

pleasure 


,7- 


1 


more-than 

messenger 

merchandise 


near, nor 

in-our 

owner 


in-order-to 

in-regard-to 

hundred 


Mr., remark ed 
_ remarkable-y 
more 


—pt —a ^ in-receipt-of 

L .No_\ in-reference-to 

in-reply-to 


in-respect-to 
i. in-response-to 


V 


dear -sir 
. list-price 



with-regard-to 
. we-regret- 
to-say 


*\ 


very-respectfully 
very-truly-yours 



yours-very-truly 
- • yours-very-respectfully 


/93 


61 















re. 




/fv 


LESSON XXVI 

Large W Hook, Prefixes IN, EN, UN 

147. When w immediately follows t, d, k or gay, it is written as 
a large initial hook on the right or upper side. 

tw ; ain, dwell, queen, guava, J*_ 

nr 

148. A word beginning with the syllable in, en or un, followed 
by the s circle, is written with a small backward hook through the 
stroke as shown below. 

.-tlX. rj- . r\ t-. 

insult inscribe ensilage enslave unstrap unscriptural 


Read and copy. EXERCISE LXX 



V * -\ J-'-x S /O /i ' 


a... 


























EXERCISE LXXI 


Write in phonography. 

1. Twice, twine, twins, twist, twit, twitter, twaddle, twig, twill, 
twitch, tweed, tweak, twenty, twilight, dweller, dwelt, dwindle, dwine, 
quake, quack, quest, quaff, quite, quiet, quit, quarrel, quarter, quad¬ 
ruple, quail, qualm, inquire, inquiry, guano, guaco, guava, squab, 
squalor, squeak, squib, squirrel, squint. 

2 . Insulate, insert, inscribed, enslaved, unseemly, unsuppressed, 
unstretchable, unsprung. 


LESSON XXVII 
Affixes 


149. Ly as a final syllable may be disjoined if the l stroke does 
not make a good joining. 



honestly, vainly, humanely. 


150. Ility, ality , arity, erity , as final syllables, are written by 
disjoining the consonant stroke just preceding the syllable. 



possibility, formality, familiarity, posterity. 


151. Ship is expressed by disjoined sh stroke across the end of 
the preceding stroke. 



kinship, workmanship, principalship. 


152. Hood is written as a d stroke joined. 



boyhood, girlhood, likelihood. 


153. Full-y may be represented by a simple / stroke joined, if 
the l hook can not be easily shown. 



graceful-ly, mindful-ly, successful-ly. 


154. Able, ably , may likewise be written as a simple 6 stroke 
if the l hook does not make a good joining. 



attainable, lamentable, dependable, 


155. Magna, magne, magni, as prefixes, are written with the 
m stroke disjoined and overlapping the following stroke. 


magnanimous, magnesia, magnificent. 



63 



156. Enter, inter, intro, are written as a halved n stroke dis¬ 
joined at the beginning of the word. 

entertainingly, interpret, introduce. 



157. Contra, contro, counter, as prefixes, are written as a chay, 
ray or p tick across the beginning of the following stroke. 


contraband, controversy, countermand, 



lot 


Read and copy. 

'V ^ A/ 


L| y y 




EXERCISE LXXIII 

Write in phonography. 

1. Mostly, dishonestly, finely, meanly, slovenly. 

2. Sensibility, stability, suitability, punctuality, legality, pecul¬ 
iarity. 

3. Fellowship, horsemanship, steamship. 

4. Manhood, womanhood, widowhood, sisterhood, brotherhood. 

5. Disgraceful, unsuccessful, unmindful. 

6 . Amenable, unattainable, accountable, unaccountable. 

7. Magna Charta, magnesium, magnetic, magnetism, magnificence, 
magnitude. 

8 . Enterprise, entertainer, interrupt, intersperse, interjection, 
intermission, introduced, introspect, introvert. 

9. Contraposition, contradistinctive, contradictors’;, controvert, 
controversion, controversial, counterfeit, counterpoise, counter¬ 
balance, countercharge. 

Logograms 

1 . -4 . MT- 

interest interested 


\ 

indispensable 


64 
















